突然想起來前面給大家分享了很多光伏發(fā)電方面的知識(shí)，有興趣學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)光儲(chǔ)的都可以翻開去看看，前兩天有幾個(gè)電友問強(qiáng)哥，怎么沒有最基礎(chǔ)的光伏發(fā)電基本原理？然后小編去翻了翻，好像是沒有，今天給大家補(bǔ)上，有不足之處，歡迎各位電友予以補(bǔ)充！

　　I suddenly remembered that I had shared a lot of knowledge about photovoltaic power generation with everyone earlier. Anyone interested in learning about wind and solar energy storage can open it up and take a look. A few days ago, a few netizens asked Qiang why there is no basic principle of photovoltaic power generation? Then Qiang went to look it up, but it seemed like there was none. Today, we will make up for it for everyone. If there are any shortcomings, we welcome all electronic friends to supplement them!

　　1.光伏發(fā)電的基本原理

　　1. Basic principles of photovoltaic power generation

　　從通俗的角度說其實(shí)就一句話，光伏發(fā)電的基本原理是通過光伏效應(yīng)，將太陽能直接轉(zhuǎn)換為電能。（是不是很多人會(huì)說強(qiáng)哥太敷衍了）。

　　In layman's terms, the basic principle of photovoltaic power generation is to directly convert solar energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Many people may say that Qiang Ge is too perfunctory.

　　比較理論書面的講呢，光伏發(fā)電利用太陽能電池中的半導(dǎo)體材料（如硅）實(shí)現(xiàn)光電轉(zhuǎn)換。太陽光中的光子被半導(dǎo)體吸收，激發(fā)電子，從而形成電子-空穴對(duì)。在內(nèi)置電場(chǎng)（PN結(jié)）的作用下，電子和空穴被分離并在外部電路中形成電流，進(jìn)而輸出電能。從下圖就能非常直觀的看出光伏發(fā)電的原理圖

　　In written theory, photovoltaic power generation utilizes semiconductor materials (such as silicon) in solar cells to achieve photoelectric conversion. Photons in sunlight are absorbed by semiconductors, exciting electrons and forming electron hole pairs. Under the action of the built-in electric field (PN junction), electrons and holes are separated and form a current in the external circuit, thereby outputting electrical energy. The schematic diagram of photovoltaic power generation can be seen very intuitively from the following figure

　　2.光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的基本原理又是什么？

　　What is the basic principle of photovoltaic power generation system?

　　光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)主要是由光伏組件，支架系統(tǒng)、逆變器、匯流箱、配電設(shè)備（如果高壓并網(wǎng)還要升壓站），電纜和連接器，接地和防雷系統(tǒng)等組成的。

　　The photovoltaic power generation system is mainly composed of photovoltaic modules, bracket systems, inverters, combiner boxes, distribution equipment (if high-voltage grid connection requires a booster station), cables and connectors, grounding and lightning protection systems, etc.

　　1）光伏組件：

　　1) Photovoltaic modules:

　　光伏組件種類主要分為：晶體硅光伏電池組件、非晶硅電池和薄膜光伏電池組件、數(shù)倍聚光太陽能電池組件。目前晶體硅仍是當(dāng)前太陽能光伏電池的主流，主要分為多晶硅電池組件、單晶硅電池組件。

　　The types of photovoltaic modules are mainly divided into: crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell modules, amorphous silicon cells and thin film photovoltaic cell modules, and several times concentrated solar cell modules. At present, crystalline silicon is still the mainstream of solar photovoltaic cells, mainly divided into polycrystalline silicon cell modules and monocrystalline silicon cell modules.

　　基本原理：

　　Basic principle:

　　光伏組件是將太陽光能直接轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹绷麟娔艿奶柲馨l(fā)電裝置。太陽光照在半導(dǎo)體p-n結(jié)上，形成新的空穴-電子對(duì)，在p-n結(jié)電場(chǎng)的作用下，空穴由n區(qū)流向p區(qū)，電子由p區(qū)流向n區(qū)，接通電路后就形成電流。這就是光電效應(yīng)太陽能電池的工作原理。

　　Photovoltaic modules are solar power generation devices that directly convert solar energy into direct current electricity. Sunlight shines on the p-n junction of a semiconductor, forming new hole electron pairs. Under the action of the p-n junction electric field, holes flow from the n region to the p region, and electrons flow from the p region to the n region. After the circuit is connected, a current is formed. This is the working principle of photoelectric effect solar cells.

　　光伏組件的特性：

　　Characteristics of photovoltaic modules:

　　a）隨著溫度的上升，短路電流上升，開路電壓減小，轉(zhuǎn)換效率降低。

　　a) As the temperature rises, the short-circuit current increases, the open circuit voltage decreases, and the conversion efficiency decreases.

　　b）溫度的升高，可使硅材料的禁帶寬度降低，電子具有更低的能量就可從價(jià)帶越過禁帶到達(dá)導(dǎo)帶，短路電流會(huì)提高。

　　b) The increase in temperature can reduce the bandgap width of silicon materials, and electrons with lower energy can cross the bandgap from the valence band to the conduction band, resulting in an increase in short-circuit current.

　　c）溫度的變化，影響最大的是開路電壓。

　　c) The change in temperature has the greatest impact on the open circuit voltage.

　　d）輻照度對(duì)Isc的影響較大，對(duì)Voc的影響較小

　　d) The irradiance has a significant impact on Isc and a minor impact on Voc

　　e）通常可以近似認(rèn)為輻照度與Isc成正比例關(guān)系

　　e) It can generally be approximated that irradiance is directly proportional to Isc

　　2、光伏匯流箱：

　　2. Photovoltaic combiner box:

　　在太陽能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中，為了減少太陽能光伏電池陣列與逆變器之間的連線使用到匯流箱。用戶可以將一定數(shù)量、規(guī)格相同的光伏電池串聯(lián)起來，組成一個(gè)個(gè)光伏串列，然后再將若干個(gè)光伏串列并聯(lián)接入光伏匯流防雷箱，在光伏防雷匯流箱內(nèi)匯流后，接入直流配電柜，光伏逆變器，交流配電柜，配套使用從而構(gòu)成完整的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)與電網(wǎng)并網(wǎng)。

　　In the solar photovoltaic power generation system, a combiner box is used to reduce the connection between the solar photovoltaic cell array and the inverter. Users can connect a certain number and specifications of photovoltaic cells in series to form photovoltaic series, and then connect several photovoltaic series in parallel to the photovoltaic surge protection box. After converging in the photovoltaic surge protection box, they can be connected to the DC distribution cabinet, photovoltaic inverter, AC distribution cabinet, and used together to form a complete photovoltaic power generation system, achieving grid connection with the power grid.

　　智能防雷匯流箱組成

　　Composition of intelligent lightning protection combiner box

　　一、殼體

　　1、 Shell

　　二、直流熔斷器

　　2、 DC fuse

　　三、直流斷路器

　　3、 DC circuit breaker

　　四、光伏專用直流防雷模塊、

　　4、 Photovoltaic dedicated DC lightning protection module

　　五、智能監(jiān)控模塊及電源模塊

　　5、 Intelligent monitoring module and power module

　　匯流箱電氣原理圖

　　Electrical schematic diagram of combiner box

　　智能防雷匯流箱參數(shù)

　　Intelligent lightning protection combiner box parameters

　　1）滿足室外安裝的使用要求

　　1) Meet the usage requirements for outdoor installation

　　2）同時(shí)可接入16路太陽電池串列，每路電流最大可達(dá)15A(接入回路根據(jù)項(xiàng)目實(shí)際情況確定）

　　2) At the same time, it can connect 16 solar cell strings, with a maximum current of 15A per channel (the connection circuit will be determined according to the actual situation of the project)

　　3）接入最大組件串列的開路電壓值可達(dá)DC1000V；

　　3) The open circuit voltage value connected to the maximum component string can reach DC1000V;

　　4）熔斷器的耐壓值不小于DC1000V；

　　4) The withstand voltage value of the fuse shall not be less than DC1000V;

　　5）配有光伏專用高壓防雷器，正極負(fù)極都具備防雷功能；采用正負(fù)     極分別串聯(lián)的四極斷路器提高直流耐壓值，可承受的直流電壓值不小于DC1000V。

　　5) Equipped with photovoltaic dedicated high-voltage lightning arrester, both positive and negative poles have lightning protection function; A four pole circuit breaker with positive and negative poles connected in series is used to increase the DC withstand voltage, which can withstand a DC voltage value of not less than DC1000V.

　　6）匯流箱采用一體化智能測(cè)控系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)16串列的電流，電壓采集功率計(jì)算，并可采集防雷浪涌和斷路器開關(guān)的狀態(tài)量；

　　6) The combiner box adopts an integrated intelligent measurement and control system, which realizes the collection of current, voltage, and power calculation for 16 series, and can also collect lightning surge and circuit breaker switch status variables;

　　7）實(shí)現(xiàn)光伏陣列電流量的獨(dú)立測(cè)量，數(shù)據(jù)精度≤0.5%

　　7) Realize independent measurement of photovoltaic array current with data accuracy ≤ 0.5%

　　3、逆變器（含直流配電柜）

　　3. Inverter (including DC distribution cabinet)

　　集中式光伏并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)配置的直流防雷配電柜，安裝在逆變器房內(nèi)，主要是將匯流箱輸出的直流電纜接入后進(jìn)行二次匯流，再與并網(wǎng)逆變器連接，方便操作和維護(hù)，每500kW發(fā)電單元配備1臺(tái)直流配電柜。

　　The DC lightning protection distribution cabinet configured for the centralized photovoltaic grid connected power generation system is installed in the inverter room. It is mainly used to connect the DC cables output from the combiner box for secondary combiner, and then connect them to the grid connected inverter for easy operation and maintenance. One DC distribution cabinet is equipped for every 500kW power generation unit.

　　其主要性能參數(shù)如下：

　　Its main performance parameters are as follows:

　　● 每一臺(tái)直流防雷配電柜容量符合一臺(tái)500kW逆變器的容量配置；

　　Each DC lightning protection distribution cabinet has a capacity that meets the capacity configuration of a 500kW inverter;

　　● 每個(gè)直流防雷配電柜具有至少8路直流輸入接口，可接8臺(tái)匯流箱；

　　Each DC lightning protection distribution cabinet has at least 8 DC input interfaces and can be connected to 8 combiner boxes;

　　● 每路直流輸入側(cè)都配有可分?jǐn)嗟闹绷鲾嗦菲鳎ǚ婪炊O管）；

　　Each DC input side is equipped with a disconnectable DC circuit breaker (anti reverse diode);

　　● 直流母線輸出側(cè)都配置光伏專用防雷器；

　　The output side of the DC bus is equipped with photovoltaic specific lightning arresters;

　　● 直流母線輸出側(cè)配置直流電壓顯示表

　　DC voltage display table configured on the output side of the DC bus

　　3.1 逆變器：

　　3.1 Inverter:

　　目前市面上主流逆變器為兩種：集中式逆變器和組串式逆變器

　　There are currently two mainstream inverters on the market: centralized inverters and string inverters

　　把將交流電能變換成直流電能的過程稱為整流，把完成整流功能的電路稱為整流電路，把實(shí)現(xiàn)整流過程的裝置稱為整流設(shè)備或整流器。與之相對(duì)應(yīng)，把將直流電能變換成交流電能的過程稱為逆變，把完成逆變功能的電路稱為逆變電路，把實(shí)現(xiàn)逆變過程的裝置稱為逆變?cè)O(shè)備或逆變器。逆變器是光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的核心設(shè)備。

　　The process of converting alternating current energy into direct current energy is called rectification, the circuit that completes the rectification function is called rectification circuit, and the device that implements the rectification process is called rectification equipment or rectifier. Correspondingly, the process of converting DC electrical energy into AC electrical energy is called an inverter, the circuit that completes the inverter function is called an inverter circuit, and the device that implements the inverter process is called an inverter device or inverter. Inverter is the core equipment of photovoltaic power generation system.

　　組串式逆變器：功率小于50KW，MPPT路數(shù)多，防護(hù)等級(jí)一般為IP65。體積較小，可室外臂掛式安裝.

　　String inverter: power less than 50KW, multiple MPPT channels, and protection level generally IP65. Small in size, suitable for outdoor arm hanging installation

　　集中式逆變器：設(shè)備功率在250KW到630KW之間，功率器件采用大電流IGBT，一般為2路MPPT，防護(hù)等級(jí)一般為IP20。體積較大，室內(nèi)立式安裝。

　　Centralized inverter: The equipment power is between 250KW and 630KW, and the power device adopts high current IGBT, usually with 2 MPPT channels, and the protection level is generally IP20. Large volume, vertically installed indoors.

　　3.2 逆變器的主要構(gòu)造

　　3.2 Main Structure of Inverter

　　主要參數(shù)、系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成和主回路拓?fù)?、直流輸入部分、逆變部分（IGBT模塊和驅(qū)動(dòng)器）、 LC（LCL）濾波器和交流輸出、二次電路、 控制和保護(hù)、 散熱、 機(jī)柜

　　Main parameters, system composition and main circuit topology, DC input part, inverter part (IGBT module and driver), LC (LCL) filter and AC output, secondary circuit, control and protection, heat dissipation, cabinet

　　3.3、主拓?fù)潆娐罚娐方Y(jié)構(gòu)）

　　3.3. Main topology circuit (circuit structure)

　　4、光伏支架系統(tǒng)大家可以學(xué)習(xí)一下：

　　4. You can learn about the photovoltaic bracket system:

　　光伏！什么是光伏支架？

　　Photovoltaic! What is a photovoltaic bracket?

　　什么是光伏支架，光伏支架基礎(chǔ)又是什么？

　　What is a photovoltaic bracket and what is the foundation of a photovoltaic bracket?

　　光伏丨什么是柔性光伏支架？

　　What is a flexible photovoltaic bracket?

　　5.配電設(shè)備，監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，還有接地系統(tǒng)，防雷等內(nèi)容給大家在下期分享了，寫的太多，大家看的辛苦！

　　5. I will share with you in the next issue about power distribution equipment, monitoring systems, grounding systems, lightning protection, and other related topics. I have written too much about them, and you have worked hard to read them!

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