分布式光伏發電是一種將太陽能直接轉換為電能，并就近消納的發電模式。其核心特征在于“分布式”布局，即發電系統貼近用戶側，通過模塊化設計實現靈活安裝與高效利用。該模式顛覆了傳統集中式發電的長距離輸電模式，顯著降低了能源傳輸損耗，同時提升了電力系統的韌性與可再生能源滲透率。

　　Distributed photovoltaic power generation is a power generation mode that directly converts solar energy into electrical energy and consumes it locally. Its core feature lies in the "distributed" layout, which means that the power generation system is close to the user side, and flexible installation and efficient utilization are achieved through modular design. This mode overturns the traditional centralized power generation long-distance transmission mode, significantly reduces energy transmission losses, and improves the resilience of the power system and the penetration rate of renewable energy.

　　從技術架構維度劃分，分布式光伏發電可分為三大類：

　　From the perspective of technical architecture, distributed photovoltaic power generation can be divided into three categories:

　　1. 戶用型光伏系統

　　1. Household photovoltaic system

　　戶用系統是分布式光伏的最小單元，通常安裝于居民住宅屋頂或庭院。系統容量多在3-20千瓦之間，采用單相逆變器接入220伏低壓電網。其技術特點包括：

　　The household system is the smallest unit of distributed photovoltaics, usually installed on the roofs or courtyards of residential buildings. The system capacity is mostly between 3-20 kilowatts, and a single-phase inverter is used to connect to a 220 volt low-voltage power grid. Its technical features include:

　　模塊化設計：由若干塊標準光伏組件組成，支持擴展與遷移。

　　Modular design: composed of several standard photovoltaic modules, supporting expansion and migration.

　　智能監控：通過物聯網技術實現發電量、故障狀態的遠程監測。

　　Intelligent monitoring: remote monitoring of power generation and fault status through IoT technology.

　　經濟性優勢：自發自用余電上網模式，可降低家庭用電成本。

　　Economic advantage: The spontaneous use of surplus electricity for grid connection can reduce household electricity costs.

　　2. 工商業屋頂光伏

　　2. Industrial and commercial rooftop photovoltaics

　　該類型系統廣泛部署于工廠、商場、辦公樓等建筑屋頂，容量范圍從數十千瓦至兆瓦級不等。其技術特征包括：

　　This type of system is widely deployed on rooftops of buildings such as factories, shopping malls, and office buildings, with capacities ranging from tens of kilowatts to megawatts. Its technical features include:

　　高功率密度：采用高效單晶硅組件，單位面積發電量提升。

　　High power density: using efficient monocrystalline silicon components to increase power generation per unit area.

　　多模式運行：支持自發自用、余電上網或全額上網模式。

　　Multi mode operation: supports spontaneous self use, surplus power grid connection, or full grid connection mode.

　　儲能耦合：部分項目配置儲能電池，實現峰谷價差套利與需求響應。

　　Energy storage coupling: Some projects are equipped with energy storage batteries to achieve peak valley price arbitrage and demand response.

　　3. 特殊場景應用系統

　　3. Special scenario application system

　　針對特定地理或建筑條件，衍生出多種創新型分布式光伏系統：

　　Various innovative distributed photovoltaic systems have been derived based on specific geographical or building conditions:

　　農光互補系統：在農業大棚頂部架設光伏組件，實現“板上發電、板下種植”的土地復合利用。

　　Agricultural photovoltaic complementary system: Install photovoltaic modules on the top of agricultural greenhouses to achieve land composite utilization of "on-board power generation and off board planting".

　　漁光互補系統：水面光伏陣列與漁業養殖結合，組件離地高度需滿足漁船通行與水面光照需求。

　　Fishery photovoltaic complementary system: The combination of surface photovoltaic arrays and fishery aquaculture requires the components to be at a height above the ground that meets the requirements of fishing vessel passage and surface illumination.

　　建筑一體化光伏（BIPV）：將光伏組件與建筑材料融合，如光伏幕墻、光伏瓦等，兼具發電與建筑功能。

　　Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Integrating photovoltaic modules with building materials, such as photovoltaic curtain walls, photovoltaic tiles, etc., with both power generation and building functions.

　　從并網模式維度，分布式光伏可分為：

　　From the perspective of grid connection mode, distributed photovoltaics can be divided into:

　　全額上網型：所發電量全部注入電網，適用于自發用電需求低的場景。

　　Full grid connection type: All generated electricity is injected into the grid, suitable for scenarios with low demand for spontaneous electricity consumption.

　　自發自用余電上網型：優先滿足本地負載，剩余電量售予電網，該模式可最大化用戶收益。

　　Spontaneous self use surplus electricity grid connection type: prioritize meeting local loads, and sell surplus electricity to the grid. This mode can maximize user revenue.

　　離網型：配備儲能裝置，適用于偏遠無電地區或應急供電場景。

　　Off grid type: equipped with energy storage devices, suitable for remote areas without electricity or emergency power supply scenarios.

　　在組件技術路線方面，分布式光伏呈現多元化發展趨勢：

　　In terms of component technology roadmap, distributed photovoltaics are showing a diversified development trend:

　　晶硅組件：占據市場主導地位，轉換效率高。

　　Crystalline silicon components: dominate the market with high conversion efficiency.

　　薄膜組件：具有弱光性好、柔性可彎曲等優勢，適用于異形建筑表面。

　　Thin film components: With advantages such as good low light resistance and flexibility, they are suitable for irregular building surfaces.

　　鈣鈦礦組件：實驗室效率突破，未來有望在輕量化場景應用。

　　Perovskite components: laboratory efficiency breakthrough, expected to be applied in lightweight scenarios in the future.

　　分布式光伏發電的分類體系持續演進，隨著技術融合與商業模式創新，其應用邊界不斷拓展。從居民住宅到工業園區，從陸地到水域，分布式光伏正成為推動能源消費革命與碳中和目標實現的關鍵力量。

　　The classification system of distributed photovoltaic power generation continues to evolve, and with the integration of technology and innovation of business models, its application boundaries are constantly expanding. Distributed photovoltaics are becoming a key force in driving the energy consumption revolution and achieving carbon neutrality goals, from residential buildings to industrial parks, from land to water.

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