不同氣候條件對光伏出力的影響因素

　　Factors affecting photovoltaic output under different climatic conditions

　　日照強度：日照強度是影響分布式光伏發電的重要因素之一。在光照充足的地區，光伏電池能夠接收更多的太陽能，從而產生更高的電量輸出。例如，在一些陽光充足的地區，如我國河西走廊中段北部邊緣的金塔縣，年平均日照時數達到 3231 小時，年太陽輻射量 6800 MJ/m?，日照百分率達到 75%，為分布式光伏發電提供了良好的自然條件。

　　Sunshine intensity: Sunshine intensity is one of the important factors affecting distributed photovoltaic power generation. In areas with sufficient sunlight, photovoltaic cells can receive more solar energy, resulting in higher power output. For example, in some sunny areas, such as Jinta County on the northern edge of the middle section of the Hexi Corridor in China, the annual average sunshine hours reach 3231 hours, the annual solar radiation is 6800 MJ/m ?, and the sunshine percentage reaches 75%, providing good natural conditions for distributed photovoltaic power generation.

　　溫度：溫度對光伏電池的性能也有顯著影響。一般來說，隨著溫度的升高，光伏電池的輸出功率會下降。在巴西的不同氣候區域，研究發現晶體硅模塊在高濕度和高溫地區會出現強烈的性能退化，而具有低溫度系數功率的薄膜光伏模塊則表現出更優越的性能。

　　Temperature: Temperature also has a significant impact on the performance of photovoltaic cells. Generally speaking, as the temperature increases, the output power of photovoltaic cells will decrease. In different climatic regions of Brazil, research has found that crystalline silicon modules exhibit strong performance degradation in high humidity and high temperature areas, while thin-film photovoltaic modules with low temperature coefficient power exhibit superior performance.

　　濕度：濕度同樣會影響分布式光伏發電的表現。在高濕度地區，可能會對光伏電池的性能產生負面影響。例如在軌道交通沿線分布式光伏示范電站的研究中，當濕度小于 60% 時，對發電瞬時功率基本無影響；而當濕度大于 60% 時，發電瞬時功率隨濕度的增加而快速減小。

　　Humidity: Humidity can also affect the performance of distributed photovoltaic power generation. In high humidity areas, it may have a negative impact on the performance of photovoltaic cells. For example, in the research of distributed photovoltaic demonstration power stations along rail transit lines, when the humidity is less than 60%, it has little effect on the instantaneous power generation; When the humidity exceeds 60%, the instantaneous power generation rapidly decreases with the increase of humidity.

　　二、不同氣候條件下的發電性能評估

　　2、 Evaluation of power generation performance under different climatic conditions

　　性能指標分析：在不同氣候條件下，可以通過一些性能指標來評估分布式光伏發電系統的表現。例如，阿爾及利亞的研究中，通過標準化規范 IEC 61724，對三個不同氣候區域的太陽能光伏電站進行了性能分析，評估了參考產量（Yr）、最終產量（Yf）、性能比（PR）和容量系數（CF）等性能因素。

　　Performance indicator analysis: Under different climatic conditions, the performance of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems can be evaluated through some performance indicators. For example, in Algeria's research, performance analysis was conducted on solar photovoltaic power plants in three different climate regions using the standardized specification IEC 61724, evaluating performance factors such as reference yield (Yr), final yield (Yf), performance ratio (PR), and capacity factor (CF).

　　基于模擬的性能評估：對于分布式光伏發電系統在不同氣候條件下的性能，還可以通過模擬分析來進行評估。如在一項研究中，對一個 5kW 獨立分布式光伏發電系統進行了模擬分析，使用模糊控制器的最大功率點跟蹤（MPPT）技術，并在不同的運行條件下評估了模糊 MPPT 技術的性能。結果表明，模糊 MPPT 提供了更好的結果。

　　Simulation based performance evaluation: The performance of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems under different climatic conditions can also be evaluated through simulation analysis. In a study, a 5kW independent distributed photovoltaic power generation system was simulated and analyzed using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique of a fuzzy controller, and the performance of the fuzzy MPPT technique was evaluated under different operating conditions. The results indicate that fuzzy MPPT provides better results.

　　三、不同氣候條件下的光伏模塊性能

　　3、 Performance of photovoltaic modules under different climatic conditions

　　環境適應性：光伏模塊的發電性能在不同氣候條件下的環境適應性各不相同。通過對不同廠家的晶體硅模塊進行 IEC 61853 系列標準的 “光伏模塊性能測試和能量評級” 測試，并結合 6 個標準氣候區數據集進行模塊能效模擬計算，研究發現與光伏模塊的標稱功率相比，能效值可以更好地反映模塊在不同氣候條件下的環境適應性。

　　Environmental adaptability: The power generation performance of photovoltaic modules varies in environmental adaptability under different climatic conditions. By conducting IEC 61853 series standard "photovoltaic module performance testing and energy rating" tests on crystalline silicon modules from different manufacturers, and combining six standard climate zone datasets for module energy efficiency simulation calculations, the study found that compared with the nominal power of photovoltaic modules, energy efficiency values can better reflect the environmental adaptability of modules under different climate conditions.

　　影響能效值的因素：入射角度響應、工作溫度系數、光譜響應和功率矩陣等因素會影響光伏模塊的能效值。其中，入射角度響應參數的變化對光伏模塊能效值的影響最大。

　　The factors that affect energy efficiency include incident angle response, operating temperature coefficient, spectral response, and power matrix, which can affect the energy efficiency of photovoltaic modules. Among them, the variation of the incident angle response parameter has the greatest impact on the energy efficiency value of the photovoltaic module.

　　四、不同氣候條件下的分布式光伏發電系統設計考慮

　　4、 Design considerations for distributed photovoltaic power generation systems under different climatic conditions

　　廣域分布式光伏發電監測與出力估計：為準確評估光伏出力對電力系統的運行影響，掌握分布式發電的實時數據，需要開展廣域分布式光伏發電監測與出力估計研究。例如，提出光伏全局出力估計的分布式光伏國 - 省 - 地一體化信息建模方法，實現廣域分布式光伏發電的有線與無線全景監測；開展不同場景下分布式光伏出力特性研究，對分布式光伏進行聚合分析，并提出全局出力估計方法。

　　Wide area distributed photovoltaic power generation monitoring and output estimation: In order to accurately evaluate the impact of photovoltaic output on the operation of the power system and grasp real-time data of distributed power generation, it is necessary to carry out research on wide area distributed photovoltaic power generation monitoring and output estimation. For example, proposing a distributed photovoltaic integrated information modeling method for global output estimation of photovoltaics, achieving wired and wireless panoramic monitoring of wide area distributed photovoltaic power generation; Conduct research on the output characteristics of distributed photovoltaics in different scenarios, aggregate and analyze distributed photovoltaics, and propose a global output estimation method.

　　光伏分群方法：對于大規模分布式光伏用戶出力預測，可以采用光伏分群方法。首先將氣象對光伏出力的影響分為大氣候和小氣候兩類，通過光伏日出力平均值劃分歷史數據時段為四類天氣類型樣本群，再進行空間相關的聚類分析得到用戶光伏區域劃分，綜合考慮不合群的光伏用戶點數量和子區域氣象一致性來決定最優地域分塊方案。

　　Photovoltaic clustering method: For large-scale distributed photovoltaic user output prediction, photovoltaic clustering method can be used. Firstly, the impact of weather on photovoltaic output is divided into two categories: macro climate and micro climate. The historical data period is divided into four weather type sample groups based on the average daily photovoltaic output. Then, spatial correlation clustering analysis is performed to obtain the division of user photovoltaic areas. The optimal regional partitioning scheme is determined by considering the number of non clustered photovoltaic user points and the consistency of sub regional weather.

　　貧困地區分布式光伏電站設計：在貧困地區，為充分利用空置屋頂及土地資源優勢，發展光伏發電產業，可以根據當地太陽能資源和氣候條件等情況，選取合適的光伏電池組件和逆變器型號，通過軟件模擬仿真計算得出光伏陣列最佳安裝傾角，確定布置間距，并對發電量和環境效益進行評估

　　Design of distributed photovoltaic power stations in poverty-stricken areas: In order to fully utilize the advantages of vacant roofs and land resources and develop the photovoltaic power generation industry in poverty-stricken areas, suitable photovoltaic cell modules and inverter models can be selected based on local solar energy resources and climate conditions. The optimal installation angle of the photovoltaic array can be calculated through software simulation, the layout spacing can be determined, and the power generation and environmental benefits can be evaluated

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