一、采用哪種安裝形式

1、 Which installation form to use

不同的屋頂安裝光伏組件的方法也不一樣，常見的安裝方式包括附加型、壓載型及樁基型。

The method of installing photovoltaic modules on different roofs also varies, and common installation methods include additional type, ballast type, and pile foundation type.

如果屋頂屬于彩鋼瓦型式，一般都考慮附加型，直接將組件平鋪在彩鋼瓦上，尤其是一般彩鋼瓦屋頂都沒有女兒墻，采用平鋪的型式防風效果好，為安全；另外彩鋼瓦屋頂也有一定的傾角，雖然可能不是光伏發電對應的佳傾角，但加大傾角帶來的改造成本也是需要綜合考量的。

If the roof belongs to the color steel tile type, additional types are generally considered, and the components are directly laid flat on the color steel tile. Especially for general color steel tile roofs that do not have parapets, using a flat type has a good windproof effect for safety; In addition, the color steel tile roof also has a certain inclination angle. Although it may not be the optimal inclination angle for photovoltaic power generation, the cost of renovation caused by increasing the inclination angle also needs to be comprehensively considered.

對于水泥屋頂，通常是純平，常見的安裝方式是壓載型和混凝土基礎樁基型，如上圖所示。

For cement roofs, they are usually flat, and the common installation methods are compression type and concrete foundation pile foundation type, as shown in the above figure.

很多時候，建筑物業主不允許在混凝土平屋頂上鉆孔，一方面是擔心老建筑的強度，或者是不想改變屋頂的防水性能。這就是選擇壓載型或混凝土基礎安裝的原因。

Many times, building owners are not allowed to drill holes on concrete flat roofs because they are concerned about the strength of the old building or do not want to change the waterproof performance of the roof. This is the reason for choosing ballast type or concrete foundation installation.

壓載型由于沒有和屋頂做錨固連接，因此側面可以考慮做防風處理，尤其是沒有女兒墻的水泥屋頂。

Due to the lack of anchoring connection with the roof, the side of the ballast type can be considered for windproof treatment, especially for cement roofs without parapets.

混凝土基座的主要目的是確保即使在暴風雨季節，支架系統也能保持完好無損。它保證了良好的安裝而不會導致屋頂漏水，還可以提高太陽能電池組件的效率，減少女兒墻對陽光的遮擋。

The main purpose of a concrete foundation is to ensure that the support system remains intact even during stormy seasons. It ensures good installation without causing roof leakage, and can also improve the efficiency of solar cell modules, reducing the obstruction of sunlight by parapets.

二、平屋頂不代表平鋪安裝

2、 Flat roof does not mean flat installation

在平屋頂上采用平鋪方式安裝光伏組件，似乎是想當然的方式，不僅安裝量/面積可以大化，還有可能將光伏作為屋頂頂棚使用，增加空間面積。

Installing photovoltaic modules on a flat roof using a tiled method seems to be a presumptuous approach. Not only can the installation volume/area be maximized, but it is also possible to use photovoltaic modules as roof ceilings, increasing the space area.

但事實上，在平屋頂上安裝光伏，并不意味著您還應該將其傾斜度設置為0度，我們需要考慮很多因素，應避免平裝，包括：

But in fact, installing photovoltaics on a flat roof does not mean that you should also set its inclination to 0 degrees. We need to consider many factors and avoid flat installation, including:

l 平鋪組件容易積灰，積灰可能造成10％甚至30%的發電量損失；

Flat components are prone to dust accumulation, which can cause a 10% or even 30% loss of power generation;

l 清洗更不方便，積水不易流出；

Cleaning is more inconvenient and stagnant water is less likely to flow out;

l 與傾斜安裝相比，發電量將減少；

Compared to inclined installation, the power generation will be reduced;

l 投資回報期將更長；

The investment return period will be longer;

l 可能無法靠自然降雨來去除積灰；

It may not be possible to rely on natural rainfall to remove accumulated dust;

傾斜安裝和純平鋪的光伏陣列發電量會有明顯的不同，通過對一個11.2kWp太陽能系統進行仿真模擬，傾角分別為10度、5度和0度。

There will be significant differences in the power generation between tilted and pure flat photovoltaic arrays. By simulating a 11.2kWp solar system, the tilt angles are 10 degrees, 5 degrees, and 0 degrees, respectively.

仿真結果表明，如果傾角為0度，則11.2kWp系統年發電量約為13,480.3kWh，而在5度傾角下，該系統一年發電量達到14,066.9kWh。而事實上，當傾角為10度時，該系統年發電量達到14,520kWh。

The simulation results show that if the inclination angle is 0 degrees, the annual power generation of the 11.2kWp system is about 13480.3kWh, while at a 5 degree inclination angle, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14066.9kWh. In fact, when the inclination angle is 10 degrees, the annual power generation of the system reaches 14520kWh.

從結果中可以看出，每增加5度，系統每年增加500kWh的發電量（15度后，增加量會明顯減少，超過佳傾角后反而會更低）。而且，上述仿真模擬還沒有考慮低傾角安裝時由于積灰而造成的發電量損失。

From the results, it can be seen that for every 5 degree increase, the system generates an annual increase of 500kWh of electricity (after 15 degrees, the increase will significantly decrease, and even lower after exceeding the optimal inclination angle). Moreover, the above simulation has not taken into account the power generation loss caused by ash accumulation during low inclination installation.

建議如果不愿意采用佳傾角來安裝的話，安裝傾角盡可能還是高一些。如果必須平鋪，建議也將傾角設計在5-10度之間。對于平屋頂來說，5-10度的角度也已經足夠平了，而對于彩鋼瓦屋頂來說，一般都會留有3度以上的角度，相比增加傾角的額外成本來說，順其自然、隨坡就勢也是很好的選擇。

It is recommended that if you are not willing to use the best angle for installation, the installation angle should be as high as possible. If it is necessary to lay flat, it is recommended to also design the inclination angle between 5-10 degrees. For a flat roof, an angle of 5-10 degrees is already sufficient, while for a color steel tile roof, an angle of more than 3 degrees is generally left. Compared to the additional cost of increasing the inclination angle, letting nature take its course and following the slope is also a good choice.

三、平屋頂安裝必須考慮風速

3、 Flat roof installation must consider wind speed

在太陽能系統的設計階段，必須考慮當地可能出現的大風速，尤其是在風速超過每小時180公里的地區。

In the design phase of solar systems, it is necessary to consider the possible high wind speeds in the local area, especially in areas with wind speeds exceeding 180 kilometers per hour.

普通的平屋頂太陽能發電系統可以承受160 km / h（十三級臺風）的風速，但如果沒有女兒墻擋風，陣列間沒有考慮防風，局部區域因氣流而造成的瞬間風速會遠遠超過實際的風速。

A regular flat roof solar power generation system can withstand wind speeds of 160 km/h (a Category 13 typhoon), but without parapet walls for wind protection and without considering wind protection between arrays, the instantaneous wind speed caused by airflow in local areas will far exceed the actual wind speed.

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